【王美一包養網華】天子祭天禮與五代十國的正統意識

【Abstract】

The emperors who founded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties held a ceremony to worship the emperor for heaven. However, due to the differences in the traditions of the gifts, the ceremony of worshiping the heavens in the Five Dynasties in the south was mostly stern and simplified. The emperor’s ceremony of worshiping heaven was directly related to the idea that the various political powers in the world strongly declared the legitimate nature of their own rule. However, with the weakening of the legitimate conflict in the later period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the political power of the newly established emperor’s government had obviously decreased compared with the political power in the later period.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the political power changed and the war continued. The southern region and the Five Dynasties continued, and the southern region was one country. In the chaotic political format, the suburban sacrifices and offering gifts to heaven, which are marked as “the king is the decree of being given”, are valued and regarded as the main method of explicitly demonstrating the legitimacy of political power and in line with the law. Clarifying the gifts of the emperors to worship the heavens during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods, examining the differences presented by the emperors to worship the heavens, exploring the common understanding of the emperors to worship the heavens, and analyzing the relationship between the emperors to worship the heavens and the development of the regular consciousness under the format of the decisive decisive format. There is no doubt that it has the main meaning for the ancients to interpret and define the historical development process of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods more accurately.

1. The difference between the emperor’s offering to heaven and the north and south

During the Five Dynasties and the various political rights of the Southern People’s Central Government and the founding of the Central Government in the South were held. However, after careful assessment, it can be found that the difference between the north and the south offering to worship the heaven and the more obvious ones. Judging from the literature, the emperors of the Five Dynasties, whose dynasties changed frequently, their national prosperity was shorter and even constant wars were made for more detailed preparations.

In the fourth year of Tianzhu in Tang Dynasty (907), Zhu Wenxiu established the country, changed the era and opened up, and pursued the ancestors and founded the clan. In the first month of the second year of Kaiping (908), the officials ordered the officials to “rest the day” to sacrifice to the sky in the southern suburbs. At the same time, the officials held the “carriages, carriages, and rituals and rituals” and other orders to prepare the works of the officials, and the Henan Yin Zhang Zongshi was appointed as the chief official. [1] Volume 193 “The Chou Department·Chongci” In the first month of the third year of Kaiping (909), Liang Taizu Zhu Wen was first awarded in the Imperial Palace on the Sunri River.Afterwards, “the four-chamber gods of Taisha were sent to Xijing”, “the Taichang ruler was promoted to the propaganda and guided the car, and civil and military officials were sent outside the door of the Ming Dynasty.” Later, he drove to the Dongdu, and all officials were brought to the west. “The six military officials were guarded by the imperial palace” and “the imperial palace was received by the imperial palace”; Gengyin, he enjoyed Taisha, Xinmao, and worshiped Haotian in the Circular Mound; after the ceremony, he was in the Five Months, and the public was pardoned by the entire country; afterwards, the imperial palace feasted all the ministers, and the gold and silk were not allowed. [2] Volume 4 “The First Eight of Liang Taizu” The ministers honored the emperor: Ruiwen, Shengwu, and filial to the emperor. The first emperor of the Later Liang Dynasty worshipped the heavens, whether it was to pay homage to the sun and divine the suburbs [3] Volume 2 “The Book of the Liang Taizu” and the review text [4] Volume 2 “The Book of the Suburbs and the Suburbs”, or to pay homage to the various places of Yueqing Mountains and Rivers Spiritual Temple [1] Volume 193 “The Seal of the Guantai Department”, or to be a sacrificial temple The establishment of carriages, sacrificial objects, sacrificial artifacts and musical instruments to the southern suburbs, or the French ceremony of worshiping Haotian, imperial building, banqueting ministers, and the supreme number. It can be seen that the emperor’s ceremony for the heavens was sufficient, the French was serious and detailed. Although there are also situations in which the ceremony is not followed by the Tang Dynasty system [4] Volume 2 “The Book of the Past and the Past and the Gods of Taili to Xijing to celebrate and enjoy the sacrifice, such as the “story” of Li Tang, the “Story” of the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, which is obviously in doubt. After this sacrifice to the sky in the southern suburbs, Zhu Wen also held a gift from the southern suburbs on the winter solstice in November of that year. [3] Volume 2 “The Book of the Emperor Taizu of Liang” and the suburbs sacrifices to the heavens in the first month of the first month, I would like to express my gratitude to the gifts, but they are still very simple, and they are still full of harsh rules, wars, laws, selves and guards. All civil and military officials are in charge of the ranks, and the emperor is here to celebrate the ceremony. [1] Volume 193 “The Seal of the Lord and the Consecration of the Sage” is also very grand and rigorous.

Although the offerings to heaven in the Jianguo of the Later Tang Dynasty were so simple, the offerings to heaven after the Later Liang Dynasty were carefully prepared and severely sacred. In March of the first year of Tongguang (923), Li Cunxu “built ascend the throne to the south of the Yacheng in Weizhou”. In April, he was promoted to the emperor and became emperor, and the reign of the reign was changed, and the whole country was pardoned. [2] Volume 29 “Benzi of Tang Dynasty Zhuangzong” promoted the sacrifice of heaven to declare the decree of heaven and called the emperor to build a country. It was just that the matter was rushing and the preparation time was short, so of course the French style and sacrificial utensils were not well prepared. When the Later Liang Dynasty was destroyed in November, Emperor Zhuangzong Li Cunxu immediately gave up the official grand ceremony to worship the sky in Luoyang. This time, there are sufficient preparations for sacrifice to heaven, including the agreement between ancestors and ancestors [2] Volume 30 “Tang Zhuzong’s Book IV”, and the introduction of the title of “Tang Zhuzong’s Book V”, Volume 31 “Tang Zhuzong’s Book V”, as well as the determination of the emperor’s condolences and finals. [4] Volume 2 “The Record of the Bible of the Suburbs” is based on “History of the Five Dynasties, the Bible of the Tang Dynasty’s Emperor Zhuangzong”: The second year of Tongguang (9Baoqing.com review24) On the first month of Bingyin, I went to Mingtang Hall to celebrate; Dingmao, I went to Taiwei Palace; Wuchen, I went to the southern suburbs on that day; on the first day of Jisi, I worshiped Haotian and the Lord of Heaven in the Circular Mound, and the Prime Minister led all officials to call him “Cheng”; and on the fifth floor, I promulgated the amnesty. [2] Volume 31 “Benzhang of Emperor Tang Dynasty” Later ministers and officials said that Zhaowen, Ruiwu, and the virtue and filial piety of the Emperor of Heaven. [2] Volume 31 “Benzhang of Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang Dynasty” Later ministers said that Zhaowen, Ruiwu, and the virtue and filial piety of the Emperor of Heaven. . According to the history, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the Xuanyuan Temple in Chang’an was changed to Taiqing Palace, and the Xuanyuan Temple in Luoyang was changed to Taiwei Palace. After Tianbao, it gradually formed the Taiqing Palace in the first dynasty and the second dynasty. In fact, Chen Jubai did not meet the standards of Song Wei’s Ou. Taiwei, and the French style of worshiping the sky in the southern suburbs and worshiping the sky in the imperial building. According to the notes above, Li Cunxu, the Emperor of Zhuang, went to the suburbs to worship the sky, and went to the Tai and the Tai. The French styles such as Wei Palace, Yutai Temple, Nanjiao Sacrifice Heaven, and Imperial Houses are obviously complete. They are abiding by or say that they copy the Li Tang emperor’s sacrifice to heaven. The rituals are serious and the gifts are written by Zhou Gu. The rituals of worshiping heaven